I got curious how Box2D actually worked, so I tried my hand at making my own very basic physics engine.

This demo uses the Separating axis theorem to calculate if any polygons are colliding, and if so it applies a force at the collision point.
Linear momentum is converted to angular using dot products. The more head-on the collision is to an object's center of mass, the more linear and the less angular force is applied.
Using these 2 basic principles I created a physics simulation (much less sophisticated than Box2D's though).